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{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=187 | sym=Re| na=62.6% | hl=4.35×1010 y
| dm1=[alpha decay | de1=1.653 | pn1=183 | ps1=[tantalum
| dm2=[beta decay | de2=0.003 | pn2=187 | ps2=[osmium -->
Rhenium (
International Phonetic Alphabet: ) is a
chemical element in the
periodic table that has the symbol
Re and atomic number 75. A silvery-white, rare, heavy, polyvalent transition metal, rhenium resembles manganese chemically and is used in some
alloys. Rhenium is obtained as a
by-product of molybdenum refinement and rhenium-molybdenum alloys are
superconductivity. This was the last naturally-occurring element to be discovered and belongs to the ten most expensive metals on Earth (over US$ 7500.-/kg).
Notable characteristics
Rhenium is a silvery white metal, lustrous, and has one of the highest
melting points of all elements, exceeded by only
tungsten and carbon. It is also one of the most dense, exceeded only by
platinum,
iridium, and osmium. Rhenium has the widest range of
oxidation states of any known element: -3,-1,+1,+2,+3,+4,+5,+6 and +7. The oxidation states +7,+6,+4,+2 and -1 are the most common.
Its usual commercial form is a powder, but this element can be consolidated by pressing and resistance-sintering in a vacuum or hydrogen atmosphere. This procedure yields a compact shape that is in excess of 90 percent of the density of the metal. When
Annealing (metallurgy) this metal is very ductile and can be bent, coiled, or rolled. Rhenium-molybdenum alloys are superconductive at 10 Kelvin; tungsten-rhenium alloys are also superconductive, around 4-8
Kelvin depending on the alloy.
Applications
This element is used in platinum-rhenium catalysts which in turn are primarily used in making
lead-free, high-octane gasoline and in high-temperature superalloys that are used to make jet engine parts. Other uses:
- Widely used as filaments in mass spectrographs and in ion gauges.
- An additive to tungsten and molybdenum-based alloys to increase ductility in these alloys.
- An additive to tungsten in some x-ray sources.
- Rhenium catalysts are very resistant to chemical poisoning, and so are used in certain kinds of hydrogenation reactions.
- Switch#Contacts material due to its good Wear and ability to withstand arc corrosion.
- Thermocouples containing alloys of rhenium and tungsten are used to measure temperatures up to 2200 °Celsius.
- Rhenium wire is used in photoflash lamps in photography.
- Rhenium forms rhenium diboride with boron. It is a compound noted for its extreme hardness.
History
Rhenium (Latin
Rhenus meaning "Rhine") was the next-to-last naturally occurring element to be discovered. The existence of a yet undiscovered element at this position in the periodic table had been predicted by Henry Moseley in 1914. It is generally considered to have been discovered by Walter Noddack,
Ida Tacke, and
Otto Berg in Germany. In
1925 they reported that they detected the element in platinum ore and in the mineral
columbite. They also found rhenium in
gadolinite and
molybdenite. In 1928 they were able to extract 1 g of the element by processing 660
kilogram of molybdenite.
The process was so complicated and the cost so high that production was discontinued until early
1950 when tungsten-rhenium and molybdenum-rhenium alloys were prepared. These alloys found important applications in industry that resulted in a great demand for the rhenium produced from the molybdenite fraction of porphyry copper ores.
In 1908,
Japanese chemist Masataka Ogawa announced that he discovered the 43rd element, and named it
nipponium (Np) after Japan (which is
Nippon in Japanese). However, later analysis indicated the presence of rhenium (element 75), not element 43. The symbol Np was later used for the element
neptunium.
Occurrence
Rhenium is not found free in nature, and it was only recently that the first rhenium
mineral was found. In 1994, Nature (journal) published a letter describing a rhenium sulfide mineral found condensing from a fumarole on Russia's Kudriavy volcano. This is not an economically viable source of the element. Rhenium is widely spread through the [Earth's [crust (geology) at approximately 1 [Parts-per notation.
Chile has the world's largest reserves and was the leading produducer as of 2005.http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/2005/cimyb05.pdf USGS
Commercial rhenium is extracted from molybdenum roaster-flue gas obtained from copper-sulfide ores. Some molybdenum ores contain 0.002% to 0.2% rhenium. Total world production is between 40 and 50 tons/year; the main producers are in Chile, USA and Kazakhstan. Recycling of used
Platinum-Re catalyst and special alloys allow the recovery of another 10 tons/year.
The metal form is prepared by reducing
ammonium perrhenate with
hydrogen at high temperatures.
Isotopes
Naturally occurring rhenium is 37.4% 185Re, which is Stable isotope, and 62.6% 187Re, which is Radionuclide but has a very long half-life. There are twenty-six other unstable isotopes recognized.
Precautions
Little is known about rhenium toxicity so it should be handled with care.
See also
Notes and references
:
In-line:
:
General:
- Los Alamos National Laboratory - Rhenium
External links
- WebElements.com - Rhenium
{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=187 | sym=Re| na=62.6% | hl=4.35×1010 y
| dm1=[alpha decay | de1=1.653 | pn1=183 | ps1=[tantalum
| dm2=[beta decay | de2=0.003 | pn2=187 | ps2=[osmium -->
Rhenium (
International Phonetic Alphabet: ) is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol
Re and
atomic number 75. A silvery-white, rare, heavy, polyvalent
transition metal, rhenium resembles manganese chemically and is used in some alloys. Rhenium is obtained as a
by-product of molybdenum refinement and rhenium-molybdenum alloys are
superconductivity. This was the last naturally-occurring element to be discovered and belongs to the ten most expensive metals on Earth (over US$ 7500.-/kg).
Notable characteristics
Rhenium is a silvery white metal, lustrous, and has one of the highest melting points of all elements, exceeded by only tungsten and carbon. It is also one of the most dense, exceeded only by platinum, iridium, and osmium. Rhenium has the widest range of oxidation states of any known element: -3,-1,+1,+2,+3,+4,+5,+6 and +7. The oxidation states +7,+6,+4,+2 and -1 are the most common.
Its usual commercial form is a powder, but this element can be consolidated by pressing and resistance-sintering in a vacuum or hydrogen atmosphere. This procedure yields a compact shape that is in excess of 90 percent of the density of the metal. When Annealing (metallurgy) this metal is very ductile and can be bent, coiled, or rolled. Rhenium-molybdenum
alloys are superconductive at 10
Kelvin; tungsten-rhenium alloys are also superconductive, around 4-8
Kelvin depending on the alloy.
Applications
This element is used in
platinum-rhenium catalysts which in turn are primarily used in making lead-free, high-octane
gasoline and in high-temperature superalloys that are used to make
jet engine parts. Other uses:
- Widely used as filaments in mass spectrographs and in ion gauges.
- An additive to tungsten and molybdenum-based alloys to increase ductility in these alloys.
- An additive to tungsten in some x-ray sources.
- Rhenium catalysts are very resistant to chemical poisoning, and so are used in certain kinds of hydrogenation reactions.
- Switch#Contacts material due to its good Wear and ability to withstand arc corrosion.
- Thermocouples containing alloys of rhenium and tungsten are used to measure temperatures up to 2200 °Celsius.
- Rhenium wire is used in photoflash lamps in photography.
- Rhenium forms rhenium diboride with boron. It is a compound noted for its extreme hardness.
History
Rhenium (
Latin Rhenus meaning "Rhine") was the next-to-last naturally occurring element to be discovered. The existence of a yet undiscovered element at this position in the
periodic table had been predicted by
Henry Moseley in
1914. It is generally considered to have been discovered by
Walter Noddack,
Ida Tacke, and
Otto Berg in
Germany. In 1925 they reported that they detected the element in
platinum ore and in the mineral columbite. They also found rhenium in
gadolinite and molybdenite. In 1928 they were able to extract 1 g of the element by processing 660 kilogram of molybdenite.
The process was so complicated and the cost so high that production was discontinued until early
1950 when tungsten-rhenium and molybdenum-rhenium alloys were prepared. These alloys found important applications in industry that resulted in a great demand for the rhenium produced from the molybdenite fraction of porphyry
copper ores.
In 1908,
Japanese chemist Masataka Ogawa announced that he discovered the 43rd element, and named it
nipponium (Np) after
Japan (which is
Nippon in Japanese). However, later analysis indicated the presence of rhenium (element 75), not element 43. The symbol Np was later used for the element neptunium.
Occurrence
Rhenium is not found free in nature, and it was only recently that the first rhenium mineral was found. In 1994, Nature (journal) published a letter describing a rhenium
sulfide mineral found condensing from a fumarole on Russia's Kudriavy volcano. This is not an economically viable source of the element. Rhenium is widely spread through the [Earth's [crust (geology) at approximately 1 [Parts-per notation.
Chile has the world's largest reserves and was the leading produducer as of 2005.http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/2005/cimyb05.pdf USGS
Commercial rhenium is extracted from molybdenum roaster-flue gas obtained from copper-sulfide ores. Some molybdenum ores contain 0.002% to 0.2% rhenium. Total world production is between 40 and 50 tons/year; the main producers are in Chile, USA and Kazakhstan. Recycling of used
Platinum-Re catalyst and special alloys allow the recovery of another 10 tons/year.
The metal form is prepared by reducing
ammonium perrhenate with hydrogen at high temperatures.
Isotopes
Naturally occurring rhenium is 37.4% 185Re, which is Stable isotope, and 62.6% 187Re, which is
Radionuclide but has a very long
half-life. There are twenty-six other unstable isotopes recognized.
Precautions
Little is known about rhenium toxicity so it should be handled with care.
See also
Notes and references
:
In-line:
:
General:
- Los Alamos National Laboratory - Rhenium
External links
- WebElements.com - Rhenium
Rhenium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Rhenium (pronounced /ˈriːniəm/) is a chemical element with the symbol Re and atomic number 75. A rare silvery-white, heavy, polyvalent transition metal, rhenium resembles ...
Definition: rhenium from Online Medical Dictionary
The Online Medical Dictionary is a searchable dictionary of definitions from medicine, science and technology.
Rhenium
Rhenium By Anthony Lipmann Lipmann Walton & Co Ltd At the time of writing, autumn 2005, questions are being asked about the link between global warming and extreme weather, and it ...
Visual Elements - Rhenium
Discovered : by W. Noddack and co-workers in 1925 Isolated in Berlin, Germany Origin : The element is named after 'Rhenus', the Latin name for the river Rhine.
Visual Elements: Rhenium
Rhenium - Re General Information Discovery Rhenium was discovered by W. Noddack, I. Tacke and O. Berg in 1925 in Berlin, Germany.
rhenium alloys, moly-rhenium alloys, tungsten alloys, copper alloy ...
Refines and produces high purity rhenium metal powder in Elyria, Ohio.
rhenium - definition of rhenium in the Medical dictionary - by the ...
Definition of rhenium in the Medical Dictionary. rhenium explanation. Information about rhenium in Free online English dictionary. What is rhenium? Meaning of rhenium medical term.
Rhenium
Infomation on Rhenium general properties, states, energies, appearance and characteristics.
Lipmann Walton & CO LTD
2007-9-27] New Rhenium supply from Poland comes on stream but will it close world deficit? [Glogow, Poland. 27.9.07] Anthony Lipmann attends the official ...
WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Rhenium | Essential ...
This WebElements periodic table page contains Essential information for the element rhenium ... Brief description: rhenium is silvery white with a metallic lustre; its density is ...
